Անդրանիկի ժամանակը : երկու գրքով /

Andraniki zhamanakě : erku grkʻov

 

Andranik Ozanian was born in the church quarter of <a title="Şebinkarahisar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eebinkarahisar">Şebinkarahisar</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Armenia">Ottoman Armenia</a> (present-day <a title="Giresun Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giresun_Province">Giresun Province</a>, <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a>). His mother died when he was one year old, so his elder sister Nazeli took care of him. Andranik finished the local Musheghian school and became an apprentice in his father's carpentry shop.

<h2> Revolutionary activities</h2>

After losing his wife and son at an early age, Andranik joined the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian freedom movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_freedom_movement">Armenian freedom movement</a> in the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and participated in various political parties, including <a title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>. He met the military commander <a title="Serob Paşa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serob_Pa%C5%9Fa">Aghpyur Serob</a> and joined his <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fedayee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedayee">fedayeen</a>. After the death of Serob (1899) he became the common leader of Armenian fedayee groups of <a title="Vaspurakan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sassoun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassoun">Sassoun</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> (<a title="Western Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Armenia">Western Armenia</a>). All of Andranik's lieutenants accepted that their leader possessed undisputed authority and superiority in military matters and that he was "<a title="Primus inter pares" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_inter_pares">primus inter pares</a>" (the first among equals)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup>. Such was the popularity Andranik earned among the men he led that they came to refer to him always by his first name - even formally, when he later held a general's rank in the Imperial <a class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Army">Russian Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup>.

The death of <a title="Serob Paşa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serob_Pa%C5%9Fa">Serob Paşa</a> had caused many in the fedayee circles to seek a successor for the revolutionary movement. Andranik was soon elected for this position. Andranik's first mission was to capture and kill the perpetrators of Serob's murder. The person responsible was a man named Beshara Khalil, a <a title="Hamidiye" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye">Hamidiye</a>, Ottoman Kurd soldier and chief of the Kherzeni tribe. Khalil was supported by the Ottoman government and was notorious for sacking Armenian villages and committing atrocities against the population. Khalil had killed Serop and placed his head on a pole to parade it in the squares of <a title="Mush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mush">Mush</a> and <a title="Bitlis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis">Bitlis</a>. The aim was to terrorize the Armenian population and demonstrate to the Armenian revolutionaries the consequences of not submitting to the Ottoman and Kurdish <a class="new" title="Aghas (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aghas&action=edit&redlink=1">Aghas</a> unconditional tax demands. Andranik and his fedayees decided to devise a trap to kill Khalil. The road guide assisting Khalil's expedition was an ethnic Armenian. He became dismayed by the atrocities committed, and decided to inform Andranik of the direction he was leading Khalil. Andranik and his fedayees quickly created trenches alongside those roads. As Khalil approached, the Armenian guide gave a signal to the hidden fedayees.

<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 183px;"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Sassoun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassoun">Sassoun</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Armenia">Ottoman Armenia</a></div> </div>

The battle began with <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kevork Chavoush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevork_Chavoush">Kevork Chavoush</a> opening the first fire. They manage to kill two of Khalil's soldiers, while the rest scattered. As Khalil began to escape, his horse came alongside the trenches of Andranik. He opened fire and wounded the horse causing Khalil to fall. Andranik and his feedayes quickly captured him . Andranik told him, "Are you the one who killed Serop!" He did not reply. They then asked him a second time. Khalil replied that his time was already up, and that they may do whatever they wish to him. At this moment Andranik took his dagger, placed it under the neck of Khalil. However, Khalil was wearing a thick traditional Muslim scarf and did not die instantaneously. It is said that <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kevork Chavoush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevork_Chavoush">Kevork Chavoush</a> took his dagger leading to the death of the wounded Khalil. In Khalil's pocket, the feedayes discovered the name of 40 Armenians that had been aiding Khalil's atrocities against the Armenians. Inside the list, was Rewez Aved, the Armenian who was bribed by Khalil to poison Serop. Andranik, Kevork Chavoush, Haroutiun (dies at Battle of Arakelots Vank), alongside with their feedayes set out to find the traitors. They eventually capture Reis Aved, and avenged Serop's death from all perpetrators.

The most famous battles of Andranik and his fedayees in that period were the guerrilla battles of Arakelots (St. Apostles) Monastery of <a title="Muş Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province">Mush</a> (1901) and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sasun Resistance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sasun_Resistance">Second Sasun Resistance</a> (1904). Fellow revolutionaries that participated with Andranik during the battle of Arakelots Vank included: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kevork Chavoush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevork_Chavoush">Kevork Chavoush</a>, Seydo Boghos, Hajji Hagop, Haroutiun, and Ghazar. The out numbered Armenian fedayees and their victory against the superior Ottoman army resulted in a boost of moral for all Armenians across the empire. Thus, begun the process of elevating Andranik as one of the leading figures of the fedayees. After the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sasun Resistance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sasun_Resistance">Second Sasun Resistance</a> (1904), Andranik and his feedayis were forced into exile by local Armenian authorities, and pressured from Armenian leaders to allow temporary peace in the highly violitle eastern vilâyets. He passed through the Persian border, eventually arriving in <a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a> and published his "Military instructions" book in <a title="Geneva" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1906.

<h2>Balkan Wars</h2>

At <a title="Sofia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia">Sofia</a>, Andranik met revolutionist <a title="Boris Sarafov" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Sarafov">Boris Sarafov</a>, and the two pledged themselves to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and <a title="Macedonia (region)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28region%29">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-ReferenceA-0">[1]</a></sup> Andranik participated in the <a title="Balkan Wars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912-1913, within the <a title="Bulgaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> army, alongside <a title="Garegin Njdeh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garegin_Njdeh">Garegin Njdeh</a> as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops in <a title="Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps">Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps</a>. Bulgarian authorities honoured him by the "Cross of Bravery".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup>

<a title="Leon Trotsky" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in his correspondence from a Balkan battlefield wrote about Andranik:

"At the head of the Armenian volunteer troop formed in Sofia stood Andranik, a hero of song and legend. He is of middle height, wears a peaked cap and high boots, is lean, with greying hair and wrinkles, fierce moustaches and a shaved chin, and has the air of a man who, after an over-long historical interval has found himself once more."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup>

He retired to Galata, <a title="Varna" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna">Varna</a>, on the <a title="Black Sea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea">Black Sea</a>, where he lived with his sister until the outbreak of the <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-ReferenceA-0">[1]</a></sup>

<h2>During <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>, he participated in the <a title="Caucasus Campaign" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> and was appointed as general of the <a title="Armenian volunteer units" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_units">Armenian volunteer units</a> of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he employed to defeat the opposing forces. The Russian authorities made Andranik a <a title="Major General" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General">Major General</a> in 1918 and decorated him six times for gallantry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup></h2>

The writer, intellectual and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Dashnaktsutiun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashnaktsutiun">ARF</a> leader <a title="Mikayel Varandian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikayel_Varandian">Mikayel Varandian</a> wrote about Andranik: "Not less courageous and not less capable than <a title="Serob Paşa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serob_Pa%C5%9Fa">Serob Aghbiur</a>, Andranik had both intelligence and instinct. A born strategist, with a thorough knowledge of the mountains and valleys of the motherland, he was a unique and unparalleled leader and commander. He was audacious and courageous, also cautious and farsighted"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup>.

He was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the <a title="Van Resistance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Resistance">Van Resistance</a> take control of <a title="Van, Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey">Van</a> on May 6, 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Van" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Van">Battle of Van</a>. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of <a title="Bitlis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis">Bitlis</a> (see: <a title="Battle of Bitlis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis">Battle of Bitlis</a>) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of <a title="Halil Kut" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Kut">Halil Pasha</a>. Between March 1918 - April 1918, he was the governor of the <a title="Administration for Western Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_for_Western_Armenia">Administration for Western Armenia</a> (The <a title="Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia">Armenian</a> <a title="Provisional government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_government">provisional government</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> of a progressive autonomous region<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> that initially set up around <a title="Lake Van" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Van">Lake Van</a>). His military leadership was instrumental in allowing the Armenian population of Van to escape the Ottoman Army and flee to <a title="Eastern Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>, then controlled by <a title="Russia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia">Russia</a>. The territory later became the <a title="Democratic Republic of Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia">Democratic Republic of Armenia</a>.

<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GENERAL_ANDRANIK_AND_HIS_FEDAYI_COMMANDERS.jpeg"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GENERAL_ANDRANIK_AND_HIS_FEDAYI_COMMANDERS.jpeg"></a></div> General Andranik with his Fedayee Commanders</div> </div> </div>

According to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Digest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Digest">Literary Digest</a>,

"then Antranik did one of those things which so sharply differentiate him from a purely military chief. He gathered a great host of Armenian refugees about him - and anyone who passes through the Yerevan Republic today can see the horrors of Turkish wrought starvation from which he saved them - and trekked southward to the refuge of an impregnable mountain district. Accepting defeat, his one thought was for his people's safety."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_0-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-ReferenceA-0">[1]</a></sup>

After the formation of the <a title="Democratic Republic of Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia">Democratic Republic of Armenia</a> (DRA), he organized and fought alongside volunteer units to combat the Ottoman army. Andranik was leading his army in combat against the Ottomans during the signing of the <a title="Treaty of Batum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum">Treaty of Batum</a>, and refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. As the commander of Armenian forces at <a class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhitchevan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhitchevan">Nakhitchevan</a>, he "has protected in the name of the Armenian Army against the peace treaty with Turkey, and has declared that his army is determined to continue the war against Turks".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> His activities were concentrated at the link between the Ottoman Empire and the <a title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> at <a title="Nagorno-Karabakh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Syunik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syunik">Zanghezur</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichevan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhichevan">Nakhichevan</a>. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army of Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army_of_Islam">Army of Islam</a>.

Andranik tried several times to seize <a title="Shusha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha">Shusha</a>. Just before the <a title="Armistice of Mudros" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed, Andranik was on the way from <a title="Zangezur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangezur">Zangezur</a> to <a title="Shusha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha">Shusha</a>, to control the main city of <a title="Karabakh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh">Karabakh</a>. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (General William M. Thomson)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> ordered Andranik back to <a title="Zangezur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangezur">Zangezur</a>, and gave him assurances that a favorable treaty would be reached at the <a title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919">Paris Peace Conference, of 1919</a>.

<h2>[<a title="Edit section: Aftermath of World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andranik_Toros_Ozanian&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>] Aftermath of World War I</h2>

In 1919 he left Armenia amid political turmoil and power struggles and went into exile in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno">Fresno</a>, <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>, <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times">New York Times</a> reported, that among the passengers who arrived on November 22, 1919 from Havre on the French liner Savoie to ask US for a mandate "was General Ozanian Antranik, the hero of Armenia, who held out at Zangezour with a handful of troops against the Turkish Army until he was relieved on Dec. 13, 1918, by a British expeditionary force, more than a month after the armistice was signed, and saved 30,000 starving refugees".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> He was accompanied on the Savoie by General Jaques Bagratuni, Captain Haig Bonapartian, and Lieutenant Ter-Pogossian.

"When Antranik visited America, all the Armenians, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, gave him an enthusiastic reception. Americans were amazed and they asked: "Who is this man?". "He is the George Washington of Armenians", was the answer everywhere, and the Americans honored him by letting him sit on George Washington's chair, which was an unprecedented honor. In Paris the president of the French Republic, Poincaré' also paid him tribute by giving a reception in honor of him". Dr. Hermine Varjabedian<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup>

In 1920, the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Digest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Digest">Literary Digest</a> described him as Armenia's "Robin Hood, Garibaldi, and Washington, all in one ..."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup>

On December 7, 1919, a meeting in honor of the civil and military missions from Armenia took place at the <a title="New York Hippodrome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Hippodrome">New York Hippodrome</a>:

"The chief Armenian speaker was General Andranik, the national hero of Armenia, a veteran of thirty-six years of campaigning against the Turks, sometimes with the Bulgarians and Persians, and lately with his own people. General Andranik said that since the Armenians fought the Turks in the cause of civilization, it was the duty of civilization to recognize the independence for which they fought. Handclapping and cheering lasted several minutes, and the audience of more than 3,000 Armenians arose in tribute to him. Formerly, said General Andranik, Armenia was divided among the Turks, Persians, and Russians. Now, he said, it was sought to add another part, Cilicia. He opposed a French mandate for Cilicia and amid applause, said history would record that after the great war all the powers except the United States forsook Armenia." <a class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times">New York Times</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup>

Andranik Ozanian lived in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno">Fresno</a> for 5 years <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> until his death on August 31, 1927 at the age of 62. According to county records, he died at <a class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson Springs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Springs">Richardson Springs</a>, <a title="Chico, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico,_California">Chico</a>, in <a title="Northern California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California">Northern California</a>. According to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times">New York Times</a>, more than 2500 members of the Armenian community attended memorial services in <a title="Carnegie Hall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> for General Andranik Ozanian<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup>. His remains were originally to be buried in <a title="Armenia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia">Armenia</a> but <a class="mw-redirect" title="Communist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist">Communist</a> officials refused entry. His remains were then moved to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Père Lachaise" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise">Père Lachaise</a> cemetery in <a title="Paris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris">Paris</a> in 1928, and eventually returned to Armenia in 2000, where he was buried at the <a title="Yerablur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerablur">Yerablur</a> military cemetery. In 1995 Zoravar Andranik's Museum was founded in the Komitas Park of Yerevan<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup>.